Showing posts with label children's literature. Show all posts
Showing posts with label children's literature. Show all posts

Writers Talk with Jonah Winter


It’s with great pleasure that I introduce today’s Writers Talk interviewee, Jonah Winter.  I first met Jonah in Charlottesville in 1985 when we were both attending the MFA program at the University of Virginia, & we struck up a friendship “oriented around talking, analyzing, mulling,” as he puts it in this interview (I also hope I am a “good conversationalist.”)  I’ve always held Jonah’s poetry in high esteem, & tho our poetics diverge at some points, we share an enthusiasm for the surreal & for formal experiments, & I can honestly say that his poetry has not only been an inspiration but also an influence over the years.  Jonah also has been one of the best readers of my own poems, something that I value a great deal.

When Jonah & I weren’t mulling—or even sometimes while we were—we engaged in some memorable escapades, including an overnight road trip from Charlottesville to Niagara Falls with a couple of other “poets in their youth,” all intent on proving Wordsworth’s dictum, I fear (I described it in a poem as “No Exit except in a/Motel 6 in Tucumcari/one of those Hope-Crosby Road/extravaganzas gone wrong”)—a tale perhaps too wild & ultimately, too sad to tell—& a cross country road trip in an old Toyota that would keep running even if you pulled the key out of the ignition.  We both lived in San Francisco during the 90s at which point Jonah was yielding clarinet, mandolin, accordion & tin whistle in the band Ed’s Redeeming Qualities.

Jonah Winter’s poetry has been widely published.  In addition to his poems appearing in a number of magazines & in chapbooks, he has also published Maine & Amnesia; the latter book won the 2003 Field Poetry Prize.  Jonah has also published 20 children’s books on  subjects ranging from Roberto Clemente to Hildegard Von Bingen—perhaps my favorite is Gertrude is Gertrude is Gertrude is Gertrude, his children’s book bio of Gertrude Stein!  


Please check out Jonah's dynamite poem "What We Know" on the Writers Talk blog.

Without further ado, Jonah Winter:

When did you first realize your identity as a writer?

It was when I was a sophomore at Oberlin College, just having lost the key to my clarinet case (I’d been a music major at another school with the unrealistic hopes of somehow sneaking in to the Oberlin Conservatory through the back door) – that’s when my identity crisis over musician vs. poet came to an end…, well, uhhh…, for about 10 years at least (I later took up the clarinet again and started making some money as a musician).    I’ve struggled from the beginning over my identity, always inexplicably bewildered over just what the hairy heck I am.   At one point, in the ‘90s, I was making money as a musician, an illustrator, and as a poet and children’s book author.   I’m now in my 19th year of making a living as a children’s book author, so I guess I can safely call myself a children’s book writer, but “poet” – I don’t know.   The word seems fraught with pretension and self-importance.   To think of oneself as a poet seems a bit absurd (almost like seeing oneself as a “visionary”) – that being said, I continue to write things that might be called “poems” (and are certainly intended as such) and have several filing cabinets overflowing with such specimens that I’ve written through the years, and a few books to show for my efforts as well.   Should an artist depend on external validation for her or his identity?  After giving this question much thought, I’d have to answer with an emphatic “NO.”   You are what you are.  And if you don’t know what you are, or you aren’t willing to define yourself with a label, well then, nonetheless, you still are what you are, right?  If a tree falls in an unseen forest….     [Author strokes non-existent chin whiskers…]

Describe the creative process involved in any one piece you’ve written—this could be book, a story, a poem, an essay, etc.
A few years ago, I wrote a sestina based on Anna Karenina.    Before I even chose my end-words, I had decided that I wanted it to be a sort of aural book report spoken by an inarticulate modern youth.   So, if memory serves me, I chose as my end-words “like,” “relationships,” “like,” “so,” “wow,” and “dude.”    It was a lot of fun to write!    I had to actually stop writing at certain points because I was doubled over in laughter – it was that fun!   I love cracking myself up – that’s probably what keeps me writing.   Who needs anti-depressants when you can come up with a poem called “Burt Lancaster’s Big Head”?!

Could you describe your relationship to the publishing process (this can be publishing in any form, from traditional book publishing to blogging, etc)
I have a fairly traditional, old-fashioned relationship to the publishing process.   I publish my books with regular old print-publishers, and for my children’s books, I have an agent.    Proudly “Luddite,” I have eschewed the temptations of turning my kids’ books into e-books thus far, and I am absolutely opposed to pretty much all forms of electronic publication for children, as I believe this is leading to mass-laziness, stupidity, and disconnectedness from reality.   I don’t have a blog, but I do have a website… that is pretty much non-functional!   I’ve published adult poems in online magazines, largely because I’ve been solicited by the editors of these magazines, whose taste is apparently compatible with my own.   Generally, though, I mistrust anything having to do with the internet…, uhhh…, except for this blog!   All of that being said, I am becoming increasingly frustrated with the direction the publishing industry is taking – in both the more lucrative trade publishing sector and the small presses of obscure poetry.   The trade publishers are becoming more crassly mercenary by the second, churning out more and more “celebrity” author books every year (in the hopes that this will somehow protect the industry from the ominous storm clouds of Amazon and electronic books), whilst the small poetry presses are doing nothing more than perpetuating the sickening alienation of poets from any real audience by printing increasingly obscure, hermetic, overly (pseudo-) intellectual garbage written by their grad school chums and intended for an audience mainly of other aspiring poets who’ve submitted their manuscripts to the demoralizing, rigged “contests” which provide the only means of getting one’s poems published nowadays other than self-publishing.  It’s enough to make someone throw up.   (Excuse me for one moment….)

How has being a writer affected your relationships?
Ha ha – that’s an interesting question!   Well, you know, being a writer has definitely helped me to meet some very interesting, creative, passionate people whom I might not have met had I gone into a field other than writing, for instance, plumbing, though of course one never knows.   If one is a writer, there’s a good chance that one will meet other writers, who by their natures generally love language, communication, talk.   Most of the writers I’ve known are good conversationalists, and our friendships or acquaintanceships have generally been oriented around talking, analyzing, mulling – activities for which I have a nearly pathological zeal.    The fact of being a writer, for me, also entails quite a bit of private time.  For 19 years, I’ve been self-employed as a writer.   I work at home – alone.    And I savor the huge chunks of alone time I have to get writing done or even just to daydream or to stare at goldfinches.    Such time helps me to feel more connected to the world around me and also to my own soul.   The sorts of limited-access relationships I have had with other humans, therefore, are not of the sort of daily, constant variety that might happen in a workplace or a communal living situation or any other environment which involves non-stop human interaction.   I suppose, though, that having a lot of alone time does not necessitate being a writer, per se.   But being a writer sure does afford a handy excuse for avoiding people!   The grandfather I never met used to say, apparently, that “the more I see of fish, the more I like bananas.”   The writer in me wants to revise this to “the more I see of humans, the more I like fish.”    Though I do find people “endlessly fascinating,” in general, I also generally find them very exhausting to be around.     Navigating around everyone’s neuroses and egos and opinions and cruelties and “boundaries” can be a fulltime job.   And I, thank God, am a freelancer.

Getting back to the word “relationships,” though:        Might this question also refer to the relationships one has to nature or animals or even inanimate objects?    I lived alone in rural Maine for 2 years, and the relationships I had there were mainly of this variety – and I found myself writing about this realm quite a bit:  moose, chipmunks, ducks, snow.   Writing about these things helped me to feel an even deeper bond with them than I would have experienced had I not been a writer.     So, I’d have to say that being a writer has generally had a positive impact on my relationships, especially my relationship with paper.

As far as humans go, though, I do my best to try and focus on the humans I love and admire and on the relationships which I value, but it’s an effort.   All I have to do is to walk outside my front door and see a couple of shirtless white guys with shaved heads and tattoos, shouting really stupid things in loud voices across the street to each other…, and it takes a full hour of yoga to bring me back to anything resembling peace.   Is my “relationship” to such people “caused” by my being a writer?   I don’t know.   Maybe.

For the most part, I prefer seals to humans.    Though I can’t say that I’ve ever had a relationship with a seal.

How would you describe the community of writers you belong to—if any?  This may be a “real” or “virtual” (in more than one sense) community.

The community of writers I belong to?   Non-existent!    I have a couple of friends with whom I exchange poems – but that’s different from a community.   In the best of all possible worlds, I would love to be a part of a community, but I simply haven’t found one that is right for me.   It would have to be a community of writers who are generally skeptical of modern writer communities.  This seems… unlikely.    As far as “virtual” communities go, I find them frighteningly alienating – which is not really what you want from a “community”!  I was on facebook for about 6 months, and I would have to agree with a writer friend of mine who summed it up as a “creepy online popularity contest.”   But I’d take that one step farther – it’s a corporation providing a template of sociability and self-definition that basically turns all its users into corporate clones:   Here are my “religious views.”   And here are my “political views.”    And here’s “what I’m doing today.”   And hey, if you like you can be “a Fan of Jonah Winter”…!    But only if you sell your soul to the devil and join, join, join this fun, fun, fun “network”…!    I know a lot of writers and editors who swear by facebook and other online communities as a way of “connecting” with other writers and for “promoting” their books and careers.   But as another writer friend of mine said when I joined facebook for that unfortunate 6-month period, “I hope you’ve now accomplished everything you want to accomplish in this life…, because from here on out all your time will be sucked into the soul-draining black hole which is facebook!”    (Not to put to fine a point on it.)

I wish there were more writer communities these days that revolved around real emotional and aesthetic connections rather than just some particular alma mater or the need to get published.   It must have been fun to be a part of the Beats, to be living out some youthful dream that was verbally in an intense relationship to the Real World (as opposed to some academic credo concocted in an Ivory Tower), something alive and pulsing, rumbling, sweating.   As opposed to hipster networking “book parties.”     To quote Ecclesiastes:  Vanity, vanity, vanity!

What are your future goals in terms of writing?

I really don’t know.   I have a feeling I’m in for some sort of big change on the writing front, but for the life of me I can’t figure out what it will be.    Stay tuned.

Bonus Question: If your writing were a musical instrument, what would it be?

A player piano.

Announcing Platypuss in Boots!

[Today’s guest blogger is Pinky the Elephant, & she has an important announcement to make!]

Well tomorrow will be an exciting day for us in Big Bed Land! Some of us have been working hard (and some very hard and some not at all, which is also very important) to find a way to link to what you call blogging. If I take a moment to shop the minds of a few Big Bed Land animals, I see that Pirate Goat imagines blogging as some kind of very fast tobogganing, and Madame Manatee thinks of it as bouncing a large head of cabbage around in the water for a while before eating it, and the little Finger Pigs remember looking up in dismay, worried that blogging would somehow replace their favored means of travel, which is by hot air balloon.

So you can imagine that Platypuss and Boo Boo the Bear and Lion O’Lion have been busy answering questions and calming anxieties, and the truth is we are all finally excited about being a part of Platypuss-in-Boots! Even though very few of us, even now, know exactly how blogging works. I, for instance, have no idea how the history and adventures of Big Bed Land animals will go through Platypuss and into the invisible ocean of E-waves to come to you! But I trust Piggles and Lion O’Lion and Dog and they all say it will work fine.

I will be your hostess at Platypuss-in-Boots and keep you posted on upcoming events. Also, I’m
here to make you feel welcome if you don’t happen to be used to talking with your animals. It’s perfectly safe, don’t worry!

Lastly, Eberle (who can be shy at times) and all of us (rarely shy, to tell the truth) would like to thank all of you for your participation in RFB (what a grand diorama it is!) and for your comments to Eberle—she has appreciated these!

And by the way—don’t forget to visit John’s poetry blog!

Hope to see you tomorrow at Platypuss-in-Boots!

by Pinky

A Horse is a Horse

[Here's the latest contribution from our SoCal Correspondent, Audrey Bilger, a fascinating essay about Anna Sewell, author of Black Beauty; & please keep Audrey & her partner Cheryl & all the folks in the LA area in your hearts as they deal with the threats posed from the horrific wildfire....]

Anna Sewell, author of the beloved children’s classic Black Beauty, was taught by her Quaker parents to show respect for all living creatures. At the age of 14, she suffered ankle injuries from a serious fall, and came to depend upon horses for her mobility outside the home, a dependence that no doubt heightened her empathy toward them and toward the powerless
in general.

Anna was born in Y
armouth, Norfolk, England, and her family moved frequently. Her mother, Mary Sewell, achieved popularity as a writer of books and ballads designed to instruct the poor, and as a young woman, Anna drove her pony cart, un-chaperoned (except by the pony!), to teach reading, writing, and Bible lessons to workers. She followed her mother’s model of “Sixpenny Charity,” an idea of giving small sums to poor people on a regular basis and encouraging them to learn about budgets and savings. She lived with her parents her entire life.

In 1871, whe
n she was 50 years old, she fell ill and remained housebound for the seven years that preceded her death. During this time, on scraps of paper and in dictation to her mother, while confined to bed and the couch, she wrote her only novel, Black Beauty: His Grooms and Companions: The Autobiography of a Horse (Translated from the Original Equine). As the extended title makes clear, she took the then-unusual step of writing from the point of view of a horse!

At a time w
hen horses were essential to local transportation and a highly visible part of daily life, they were also, in Anna’s view, a mistreated class of God’s creatures. By bringing to life the consciousness of Black Beauty, Anna created a memorable and believable character and challenged the widespread notion that horses were merely tools with no thoughts or feelings. She also brought attention to the hard lot of cab drivers during her time. Her book has influenced generations of young readers, selling tens of millions of copies and remaining in print to this day.

Here are some quotes from Ms Sewell’s work:

“[W]e have no right to distress any of God’s creatures without a very good reason; we call them dumb animals, and so they are, for they cannot tell us how they feel, but they do not suffer less because they have no words.”
Anna Sewell, Black Beauty (1877)

“[T]here is no religion without love, and people may talk as much as they like about their religion, but if it does not teach them to be good and kind to man and beast, it is all a sham…and it won’t stand when things come to be turned inside out and put down for what they are.”
Anna Sewell, Black Beauty (1877)

“[I]t is a downright pleasure to handle an animal like this, well-bred, well-mannered, well-cared for; bless ye! I can tell how a horse is treated. Give me the handling of a horse for twenty minutes, and I’ll tell you what sort of a groom he has had; look at this one, pleasant, quiet, turns about just as you want him, holds up his feet to be cleaned out, or anything else you please to wish; then you’ll find another, fidgety, fretty, won’t move the right way, or starts across the stall, tosses up his head as soon as you come near him, lays his ears, and seems afraid of you; or else squares about at you with his heels. Poor things! I know what sort of treatment they have had….Bless you! they are like children, train ‘em up in the way they should go, as the good book says, and when they are old they will not depart from it.”
Anna Sewell, Black Beauty (1877)






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Welcome to Our World #2

As a follow-up to yesterday’s post, here are some more pix from our music room here at Plum Alley Studios. Today’s photos concentrate more on Eberle’s side of things.

& in addition to the photos, there’s also a music clip/slideshow featuring one of Eberle’s beautiful compositions, with her at the piano. Like yesterday’s clip of me playing the mandocello, this is a solo piece, & also was c
omposed for our Moominpappa at Sea soundtrack. In a big departure from past projects, 20 of the 29 total tracks we recorded were solo performances by one or the other of us (they actually split up evenly), with only 9 tracks featuring duet playing.

Moominpappa at Sea is a book by the wonderful Finnish author Tove Jansson. Ms Jansson’s stories fall in that sublime class that truly can be enjoyed by young & old alike; I highly recommend her Moomin series. In this particular tale, the Moomins have left their beloved home in Moominvalley to take up residence in a lighthouse—mostly to satisfy what appears to be Moominpappa’s mid-life crisis. Among many things that happen to them on the island, Moominmamma misses her garden, & begins to paint it on the lighthouse walls, &…..

Well, you really should read the story, because all sorts of rich & strange things occur. But Eberle’s song was used for scenes where Moominmamma was recreating her garden in paint.

Hope you enjoy:

Eberle's bass standing in front of one of the music room wall hangings. Besides adding some color to the room, the textiles also cut down on the echo of reflective surfaces. Eberle plays & teaches the bass.














Eberle's marimba; this instrument, which was made by a fellow in northern California (sadly, I forget his name), has been a mainstay of our music from the days of the Alice in Wonder Band right thru to various recording projects we've done as Five & Dime Jazz & the Bijou Orchestrette. In origin, marimbas are African. This instrument has a lovely tone, & Eberle comes up with tremendous improvisations with mallets in hand.


The Rocking Horse Fly has been one of our musical mascots since we played music for the production of Alice in Wonderland in the spring of 1998. The figure was made by local artist Gayle Dixon, who creates amazing objects (including a whole series of masks). The curtain came to us thru the Alice in Wonder Band's singer, Deadre Chase, who's a gifted artist in textiles & with beads as well.





Eberle's conga & her cocktail drum kit. I wrote about the latter here; it's really a fantastic instrument.
The conga has a rich tone, & was given a workout in the Alice in Wonder Band days. Your truly built the bookshelf behind the drums, which is hung with Mardi Gras beads.


A djembe, an African drum, & an instrument that Eberle has used a lot over the years. At one time, Eberle had an all-woman drumming group called Tender Buttons; the djembe also has been played at various drumming circles, in the Wonder Band, & even at a Christmas Eve mass! Eberle also uses her hand drums to work with her music students on timing & rhythm.







I've never been much of an eBay shopper—in fact, I can count the items I've purchased there on one hand—but one nice item was this set of concert bells, which I bought Eberle for Valentine's Day some years back. Like the marimba, the bells add a wonderful musical accent, & they've gotten a lot of use. As you can see, Eberle plays them on a keyboard stand.









Eberle playing her Gemeinhardt flute. This instrument has a beautiful tone— more accurately, E
berle's very capable of bringing out the Gemeinhardt's singing tone. Lately we've been experimenting with flute on some old blues numbers like Reverend Gary Davis' "Death Don't Have No Mercy," & Eberle has a great feel for what the flute can bring to that type of music.







Ah, the melodica— in Eberle's hands this is really a soulful instrument. Eberle uses a 36-key Hohner: the "Cadillac of melodicas." The melodica employs metal reeds like the harmonica & accordion, & has that same haunting sound quality.

As an aside: barefeet in February? It's thanks to our radiant heating. You can get a bit of a sense in this picture what a beautiful job our contractor Bob George did in coloring & texturing the concrete floor.



Hope you enjoyed the music room tour. Be sure to give a listen to Eberle's piece in the slideshow!



"To Prepare Boys and Girls for Life As It Is"

(This is the third installement in the Women's Art is Women's Work series: a collection of essays by my wife, Eberle Umbach & our dear friend Audrey Bilger. Links to the first two installments can be found on the left of the page. In this essay, Eberle explores the connection between women writers & the growth of children's literature in the 18th & 19th century; I've included a number of links in case folks want to find out more about these authors; & there's a recipe for molasses candy at the end!)

The girls’ magazine Merry’s Museum probably doesn’t leap to mind as a milestone in literary history, but it was in fact the base from w
hich Louisa May Alcott’s career was launched. In addition to editing Merry's Museum, Louisa was contributing poems, satires, and advice columns to the publication when she agreed to the request of her publishers to write a novel for girls: the immediately successful Little Women (1868.) The new and terrifically popular phenomenon of children’s magazines provides a fascinating glimpse of girl writers and readers of the era as well as their elder sisters of literature:

Letter to the M
erry’s Museum Editor, 1856:
You must know, dear Mr. Editor, that the hackneyed an
d much abused subject of “Woman's Rights,” is a darling hobby of mine, (being “a chip of the old block,”) by which I rise to splendid ærial castles, where, before my bedazzled vision, float spectres of future fame and glorious renown; though in what particular line, I am still in unblissful ignorance—still, that I shall have a “call” for something, I no more doubt than I do my own identity.
Alice Corner, 1856

The market for children’s literature boomed in the nineteenth century, creating new opportunities for women as writers as well as in managing capacities among the children’s periodicals that sprang up under their hands with the speed of an enchanted forest. The rise of literacy and the popularity of Sunday School contributed to the boom, and much of this literature was aimed at the middle classes. Like domestic fiction, the genre of children’s literature at this time did not receive whole-hearted respect. Edith Wharton (1862-1937), raised in a wealthy and literate family, commented for example: “I was never allowed to read the popular American children's books of my day because, as my mother said, the children spoke bad English without the author's knowing it.” But many women writers otherwise known as literary heavyweights wrote works for children, including Sarah Orne Jewett, Mary Shelley, George Sand, Christina Rosetti, Maria Edgeworth, Sarah Fielding, and Mary Wollstonecraft.

Although the amount of available children’s literature increased dramatically in the nineteenth century, it had been around for centuries. In the 1500s books were already telling children what not to do, and this continued to be the primary slant of the genre for quite some time to come. In the eighteenth century, moral tales of instruction for children were in abundant supply and on occasion dire indeed, with naughty children being struck dead from on high for misbehavior or devoured by wild beasts as a result of their misdeeds.


However, a new development appeared in published literature in the eighteenth century that children took to right away: fairy tales and nursery rhymes. Fairy tales had a more whimsical if still at times rather grim appeal to children and their parents, and women authors were very involved with this genre. The tradition of fairy tales had flourished orally for generations but the stories were first collected and put into print at the French court of Louis XIV (1638-1715) by writers including the Countess d'Aulnoy, Madame de Villeneuve, and Madame Le Prince de Beaumont. Madame d’Aulnoy wrote her own original fairy tales as well and published them in 1697. Soon translated into English, her tales and adventurous heroines achieved lasting popularity. Andrew Lang included her original work in his collections of “traditional” tales that were first published in the 1890s and are still widely read today.

At the turn of the nineteenth century Ann a
nd Jane Taylor started publishing works specifically for children that became immediately popular. Original Poems for Infant Minds, published in 1804, was translated into several languages and included the poem "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star," which was written by Jane. Later in the century, Kate Greenaway illustrated works by the Taylor sisters; she was one of many illustrators connected to the children’s literature boom. Illustrations as well as games and maps played leading roles the new direction of children’s literature. Priscilla Wakefield’s very popular book, The Juvenile Anecdotes, Founded On Fact (1795), came with a large folding hand-colored map of the world.

Children’s poetry of the period also included the earliest known collection of nursery
rhymes, Tommy Thumb’s Pretty Song Book, published in London by Mary Cooper in 1744. Christina Rosetti’s famous Goblin Market, the first popularly successful book of Pre-Raphaelite poetry was published in 1862 and enjoyed by children as well as adults. Mesmerizing language and dramatic story have made this poem a world classic. Sing Song (1872), a book of verse for children by Christina Rosetti, echoed the nonsense elements of the traditional nursery rhyme:

If a pig wore a wig,
What could we say?
Treat him as a gentleman,

And say "Good day."

If his tail ch
anced to fail,
What could we do? -

Send him to the tailoress
To get one new.

* * * * *


When fishes set umbrellas up
If the rain-
drops run,
Lizards will want their parasols
To shade them from the sun.

The earlie
st magazines for children appeared in England in the 1820s. In both England and the United States, the initial moralizing trend of these magazines eased up over time to include entertainment as well as moral instruction. The first American children’s magazine was The Juvenile Miscellany, published in 1826. “Mary had a Little Lamb” by Sarah Josepha Hale, first appeared in The Juvenile Miscellany in 1830. However, the magazine did not last long after the unpopular views of its abolitionist editor, Lydia Maria Child, became publicized. In addition to the abolition of slavery, Lydia advocated social integration of blacks and whites, including intermarriage—incendiary ideas at that time.

Several
other children’s magazines appeared alongside Merry’s Museum and many children’s book authors well-known today in addition to Louisa May Alcott found their first publication in these periodicals. Margaret Sidney’s Five Little Peppers and Katherine Lee Bates’ poem “America the Beautiful” made their debuts in the pages of Youth's Companion. With a readership of 500,000 at its peak, Youth's Companion comes up in literature as well as history. In the Laura Ingalls Wilder books, set in the nineteenth century, the Ingalls sisters receive copies of Youth's Companion in a missionary box and save them up as a treat for long winter evenings. Francis Hodgson Burnett (1849-1924) wrote the story of Little Lord Fauntleroy as a serial for St. Nicholas magazine, another widely read children’s periodical that was to foster young writers into the twentieth century. Naturalist and writer Rachel Carson (later to write Silent Spring and change the nation’s view of pesticides and DDT) started contributing stories to St. Nicholas in 1918 at the age of eleven; at the age of fourteen she received her first payment for a story from that magazine.

When Mary Mapes Dodge, aged 41, was chosen in 1872 as editor for St. Nicholas
magazine, she had already acted as assistant editor for her family’s farming magazine and written her best-known children’s novel, Hans Brinker; or The Silver Skates. She had definite ideas about creating a non-didactic slant for the magazine, and named it for the children’s saint, St. Nicholas, beloved for his generosity to children. She saw the periodical as a “child’s playground,” and encouraged writing and participation by young readers. Her editorial policy:

To give clean, genuine fun to children of all ages. To give them examples of the finest types of boyhood and girlhood. To inspire them with an appreciation of fine pictorial art. To cultivate the imagination in profitable directions. To foster a love of country, home, nature, truth, beauty, and sincerity. To prepare boys and girls for l
ife as it is. To stimulate their ambitions--but along normally progressive lines. To keep pace with a fast-moving world in all its activities. To give reading matter which every parent may pass to his children unhesitatingly.

In spite of a li
ngering flavor of moral instruction and political conservatism, a great deal of practical home-grown feminism found its way into children’s literature written by women. For example, Emma Brewer in 1886 writing for the Girl’s Own Paper created the following introduction for her piece, The Romance Of The Bank Of England; Or, The Old Lady Of Threadneedle Street:

A gentleman asked me the other day upon what subject I intended next to write, and on telling him that the Editor had kindly permitted me to deal with the Bank of England and the National Debt, he said, “Nonsense! what do girls want to know abou
t the Bank of England and the National Debt? Let them be content to leave all such knowledge to men, and rest satisfied if they get their dividends all right and know how to spend them properly and keep out of debt.”

He seemed to forget that to do even the little he permitted us would require knowledge and education of a liberal character, and that without these o
ur desires might outrun our income, and getting into debt might prove our normal condition.

A thorough knowledge of our circumstances is better than partial blindness, and to see things all round and weigh them justly is better than sitting with hands folded while men see and judge for us.


Magazines and books for children covered a wide variety of topics including history, geography, and science. Arabella B. Buckley, in The Fairy-Land of Science (1879) came up with an innovative way to introduce children to the science of the natural world. In describing the formation of coal, for example, she writes:

The next thing you will call to mind is that this coal burns and gives flame and heat, and that this means that in some way sunbeams are imprisoned in it; lastly, this will lead you to think of plants, and how they work up the strength of the sunbeams into their leaves, and hide black carbon in even the purest and whitest substance
they contain.

She describes her overall project as follows:

I have promised to introduce you to-day to the fairy-land of science—a somewhat bold promise, seeing that most of you probably look upon science as a bundle of dry facts, while fairy-land is all that is beautiful, and full of poetry and imagination. But I thoroughly believe myself, and hope to prove
to you, that science is full of beautiful pictures, of real poetry, and of wonder-working fairies; and what is more, I promise you they shall be true fairies, whom you will love just as much when you are old and grayheaded as when you are young; for you will be able to call them up whenever you wander by land or by sea, through meadow or through wood, through water or through air; and though they themselves will always remain invisible, yet you will see their wonderful poet at work everywhere around you.

Books and magazines for girls also included recipes, games, and other pastimes. For an excursion into girlhood’s history, organize a taffy-pull at home with this recipe from The American Girls Handy Book: How to amuse yourself and others by Lina Beard and Adelia B. Beard (1887) [NOTE: This book is in print & widely available].

Pulled Molasses-Candy


2 cups brown sugar
1/2 cup of New Orleans molasses
2/3 cup of vinegar & water mixed
A piece of butter half the size of an egg.

When the candy hardens in cold water, pour into shallow buttered tins, and as soon as it is cool enough to handle, pull it until it is of a straw-color
. Splendid!

The events of childhood do not pass, but repeat themselves like seasons of the year.
Eleanor Farjeon, 1881-1965

Eberle Umbach, © 2007-2008


Thanks Eberle for sharing this delightful & informative essay. The pictures are as follows:

Merry Museum, October 1848
Louisa May Alcott
Countess d’Aulnoy
Christina Rosetti
Juvenille Miscellany, 1832
Illustration for Louisa May Alcott's serialized novel, Under the Liacs from St. Nicholas, September 1879
The Girl's Own Paper, April 1881
The Fairyland of Science: Arabella Buckley
A Taffy Pull

To the best of my knowledge, all these images are in the public domain.

"And The Little Pig Rocked the Cradle"


(In case you missed yesterday's announcement, what follows is an essay by my wife Eberle Umbach; it's part of the ongoing Women's Work is Women's Art series on Robert Frost's Banjo featuring essays by Eberle Umbach & Audrey Bilger)

What rivals the weirdness of surrealism, is akin to rap music, and can put a baby to sleep?
Nursery rhymes by Mother Goose—“those immortal lyrics,” as Catherine
Sedgewick called them in 1836. Most of us probably remember at least a few scraps of the strange and yet familiar landscape of nursery rhymes and tales-- where animals and objects speak, where a beanstalk carries you above the clouds, and an old woman sweeps cobwebs from the sky with a broom.

The sow came in with the saddle
The little pig rock'd the cradle
The dish ju
mp'd up on the table
To see the pot swallow
the ladle.
The spit that stood behind the door
Threw the pudding-stick on the floor.
Odsplut! said the gridiron,
Can't you agree?
I'm the head constable
Bring them to me.
Mother Goose’s Melodies, 1873

A couple of notes on this: a gridiron, intended for g
rilling meat in the fireplace, consisted of several iron bars riveted into a rectangular frame. Four legs and a handle completed the simplest gridiron design, although features such as a revolving spit and a gutter to catch grease showed up later. Standing on legs tall enough to clear a heap of coals or wood on the hearth, the gridiron was susceptible to flare-ups when fat dropped down into the hot coals. Odsplut is one of numerous hoary oaths hiding the word “God”: Odsplut means God’s blood; ‘Sdeath, God’s death; ‘Strewth, God’s truth; and Zounds or ‘Swounds, God’s wounds.

As a female figure associated with verse-making for hundreds of years, Mother Goose links women with the authorship of a venerable body of literature. Mother Goose represents the literature of the home and nursery as well as the evolution of this literature in oral form during the centuries when most women were excluded from education and could not read or write. Children acted as authors and co-authors in this field as well, creating variations and changes to the constantly evolving literature of nursery and playground games-- where speech rhythms merge with movement and melody in a fusion that finds echoes in magic rituals, ancient Greek theatre, jazz and rap. It all started here: Paddy cake, paddy cake, baker’s man….

For most of the history of verse in Western Civilization, music and poetry have been closely linked. In ancient Greek drama, poetry was inextricably connected not only with music but also with movement on the stage. It is only since the eighteenth century that a separation began, leading to the present-day situation in which poets are one thing and singer-song-writers another. Elizabethan lyrics that we now know as poetry or have heard on the stage as spoken (“Full fathom five my father lies…”) were in fact intended to be sung. The tradition of sung poetry continued with some eighteenth century writers—William Blake for instance wrote melodies for his verse. Stevie Smith in the twentieth century sang her poems to the melodies of popular hymns.

References to Mother Goose in the seventeenth century show that people of that time already knew her as a well-established figure in the tradition of telling stories. Her name appears on collections of fairy tales during this era, in her French incarnation as Mère l’Oye. But with the first known book of nursery rhymes, published in London by Mary Cooper in 1744, Mother Goose came be to be associated primarily with short verse— Mother Goose's Melody, or, Sonnets for the Cradle also came out around this time. Hundreds of Mother Goose rhymes are still spoken today, some of which can be traced back to the seventh century. Yes, that means they have survived in living spoken form for one thousand four hundred years— a longevity that is comparable to the work of any other poet in the history of the English language.

Lady Bird, Lady Bird,

Fly away home,
Your house is on fire,
Your children will burn.
* * *
Sing, Sing!—What shall I sing?

The Cat's run away with the Pudding-Bag String.

* * *There was an old woman tost up in a blanket,
Seventy times as high as the moon,
What she did there, I cannot tell you,

But in her hand she carried a broom.
Old woman, old woman, old woman, said I,
O whither, O whither, O whither so high?
To sweep the cobwebs from the sky,
And I shall be back again by and by.

* * *


We’re all in the dumps,
For diamonds are trumps;
The kittens are gone to St. Paul's!
The babies get bit,
The
moon's in a fit,
And the houses are built without walls.

Some of us frisky girls can’t avoid asking the question: what if Mother Goose had been known as the immortal bard Sir Gander? Would scholars write books about the ancient connection between verse, movement, and poetry that the bard preserved? Would there be Sir Gander Societies and coffee mugs?

We can tha
nk our lucky stars that this never happened. Somehow, the greatness of Mother Goose has managed to escape the fate of being called great art—that first step on the slippery slope that lands Van Gogh paintings on tote bags and bad-boy rock stars in the aisles of supermarkets as muzak. What a fate.

Mother Goose, on the other hand, is counter-cultural art that has managed not to be sucked into the void of official culture. A very different kind of authorship than what is associated with “official” literature lies behind the magic of Mother Goose, since many people, rather than a single author, created this body of work—similar to the way that many musicians contribute to the creation of folk-music. Nursery rhymes and children’s games even in antiquity were in all probability composed by those who peopled the nursery—mostly women and children.

Among t
he many authors who composed the work of Mother Goose seems to have been one Elizabeth Foster Goose (1665-1757), an American Mother Goose, who was remembered for the nursery rhymes she told to the children of her extremely numerous family. This particular Mother Goose died in Boston and was buried in the Old Granary Burying Ground, where her grave attracts many visitors.

The line between authors as producers of art and readers as consumers of art can be blurred by Mother Goose as well. The survival of this poetry has not been dictated by the dynamics of mass-marketing or by the politics of “greatness,” but by actual individual humans. When you find yourself humming “London Bridge is Falling Down” or playing Ring Around the Rosie with your children you are not only participating in ancient history you are creating its link with the present. This kind of individual connection with art takes on a particular pungency in the age of mass-marketing, when, as the contemporary folk singer Utah Phillips puts it, “a revolutionary song is any song you sing yourself.”


Ani Difranco, a folk singer who collaborated with Utah Phillips, spoke about the people-based evolution of folk music—a type of evolution that is shared by the Mother Goose tradition: “I use the word ‘folk’ in reference to punk music and rap music. It's an attitude, it's an awareness of one's heritage, and it's a community. It's subcorporate music that gives voice to different communities and their struggle against authority.”

Many Mother Goose lyrics were sung, and various melodies have been published alo
ng with the verses. Lullabies that women composed and sang to help send children to sleep reveal the point of view of Mother Goose authors as actual mothers. Rock a Bye Baby, for instance, allows the frustrated and sleep-deprived mother to indulge in a fantasy of being free from baby while singing soothingly: “When the bough breaks, the cradle will fall, and down will come baby, cradle and all.” The Coventry Carol (Lullay Lullay thou little tiny child) was adapted in the fourteenth or fifteenth century to the melody of a lullaby already popular at that time. Here’s a fourteenth century transcription of the first stanza of the original lullaby:

Lollai, lollai
, litil child, whi wepistou so sore?
Nedis mostou wepe, hit was iyarkid the yore
Euer to lib in sorow, and sich and mourne euere,
As thin eld
ren did er this while hi aliues wore.

(Lullay lullay little child, why do you cry so bitterly?

You have to cry, it was ordained long ago
Ever to live in sorrow and to sigh and mourn always
As your elders did before this when they were alive.)


The lat
er version, known as the Coventry Carol and rewritten for the Coventry Mystery Plays in the fifteenth or sixteenth centuries, tells the Biblical story of Herod’s slaughter of children—which might seem at first glance an unusual match with a lullaby, until you consider that the earlier version itself is all about the inevitability of suffering. It only takes a moment to remember that fairy tales and nursery rhymes as well as lullabies often contain a hefty portion of the darker sides of life. Hansel and Gretel, Old Mother Hubbard, and Little Red Riding Hood tell us of a world in which children are abandoned by their fathers, women have no food for their young ones, and grandmothers are eaten by wolves.

The histor
y of the Coventry Carol involves an evolution of its melody and words from the time of the Crusades to the version we know now. People setting new words to old melodies has been the basis of the creation of popular or folk music for centuries, right up to the twentieth century music of Woody Guthrie and Malvina Reynolds. The Coventry Carol survived all the disasters of those centuries, including a fire in 1879 that destroyed the only manuscript copy of the words —however, today’s copyright laws would have landed the Coventry Carol swiftly in court rather than in history.

The folk evolution of nursery rhymes and children’s games is a rich and on-going tradition. Mary Cooper, in her 1744 Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book, chose to preserve a variant of a familiar rhyme that is interesting to know about:

Sing a Song of Sixpence,
A bag full of Rye,
Four and twenty
Naughty boys,
Bak'd in a Pye.

And the realm of Mother Goose writers today is far fro
m unpeopled—anyone who has passed the age of schoolyard jump rope games can’t be truly privy to that locus of creation, but here are some contemporary transcriptions to ponder. For a gender-troubled society, here’s a rhyme that’s meant to be spoken while crossing and uncrossing your legs. If your legs end up crossed at the end of the rhyme, you're a girl and if they end up open, you're a boy:

Ching Ching China
Went to Carolina,

Tried to make a dollar
Out of 15 cents.
She missed, she missed,

She missed like this.

This rhyme is for choosing who will be “it”, while combining old-time genies with food from the modern multi-cultural kitchen:

Einie beanie, Bob Saleenie
Rubbed a lamp and asked a genie
Einie beanie, tortellini
Genie out of order.

A comment on the sense-deadening dominance of mega-co
rporations?

Three sailors went to Pepsi Co
To see what they could Pepsi Co
But all that they could Pepsi Co
Was the bottom of the deep blue Pepsi Co

Some historians trace a direct connection between ancient magic rituals and playground traditions, postulating that one way magic rituals went “underground” was to find an incarnation in children’s games. For instance, Celtic rituals involving the random selection of a community scape-goat find continuity in games like Duck Duck Goose or tag—games constructed around choosing someone to be “It.”

Aspects of the revolutionary have been common in the work of the nameless writers collectively known as Mother Goose. Official literature written by adults specifically for children in the seventeenth century presented suffering and death as well-deserved punishments for bad behavior, but the unofficial literature “written” by the underclasses stressed the randomness of suffering and death.

Tom, Tom of Islington,

Married a wife on Sunday,
Bro't her home on Monday,
Hired a house on Tuesday,
Fed her well on Wednesday,
Sick was she on Thursday,
Dead was she on Friday,

Sad was Tom on Saturday,
To bury his wife on Sunday.

* * *

Baby and I

Were baked in a pie,
The gravy was wonderful hot:
We had nothing to pay
To the baker that day,
And so we crept out of the pot.

In a quiet but remarkably persistent way, nursery rhymes undercut the seeming “sen
se” of cultural values with an opposing tradition of “nonsense”—often showing up the hidden brutality that lurks in what is culturally defined as “sensible.” Unlike the literature intended to instill in children a reverence for the family unit, Mother Goose consistently presents the sinister aspect of family values. Family members in the Mother Goose body of literature quite routinely beat and starve each other. A rhyme from Mother Goose’s Melodies, 1873, sums things up like this:

There was a mad man,
And he had a mad wife,
And they lived all in a mad lane!
They had three children all at a birth,
And they too were mad every one.

The father was mad,
The mother was mad,
The children all mad beside;
And upon a mad horse they all of them got,
And madly away did ride.

Given the special role of this literature in the history of women’s writing, it is not surprising that many of women authors mentioned Mother Goose in their own work— Louisa May Alcott, Fanny Burney, Sarah Fielding, and Harriet Beecher Stowe, for example. Louisa May Alcott highlights the subversive aspect of Mother Goose in this passage about schoolroom discipline:

Christie taught her flock an appropriate hymn, and was flattering herself that their youthful minds were receiving a devotional bent, when they volunteered a song, and incited thereun
to by the irreverent Wash, burst forth with a gem from Mother Goose, closing with a smart skirmish of arms and legs that set all law and order at defiance.
Louisa May Alcott, Work: A Story of Experience (1873)

Eliza Townsend (1788-1854) makes a special plea for keeping a love for Mother Goose alive beyond the nursery:
Retain some faith in other things
Than can be put to use;
Learn, when you must, arithmetic,
But still love mother Goose.


Text is copyright Eberle Umbach 2007-2008